ALPHABET UNIVERSAL
GEOGRAPHY: “THE WORLD DISCIPLINE”
HUMAN • PHYSICAL • ENVIRONMENTAL
Geography has been called “the world discipline” and “the bridge between the human and the physical sciences”.
The four historical traditions in geographical research are spatial analyses of the natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences.
What is geography?
Geography (from Greek: γεωγραφία, geographia, literally “earth description”) is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. The first person to use the word γεωγραφία was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC).
Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be.
Three branches of geography
Geography is often defined in terms of two branches: human geography and physical geography. Human geography is concerned with the study of people and their communities, cultures, social, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across space and place.
Physical geography is concerned with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere.
Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main subsidiary fields: human geography and physical geography. The former largely focuses on the built environment and how humans create, view, manage, and influence space.
The difference between these approaches led to a third field, environmental geography, which combines physical and human geography and concerns the interactions between the environment and humans.
The latter examines the natural environment, and how living organisms, climate, soil, water, and landforms produce and interact.
Understanding latitude and longitude
The first rigorous system of latitude and longitude lines is credited to Hipparchus. Hipparchus employed a sexagesimal (a numeral system with sixty as its base) system that was derived from Babylonian mathematics.
The meridians were sub-divided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided into 60 (minutes). To measure the longitude at different locations on Earth, he suggested using eclipses to determine the relative difference in time.
The ideas of Anaximander (c. 610–545 BC), a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, considered by later Greek writers to be the true founder of geography, come to us through fragments quoted by his successors. Anaximander is credited with the invention of the gnomon, the simple, yet efficient Greek instrument that allowed the early measurement of latitude.
Base 60 numeral system
The number 60, a superior highly composite number, has twelve factors, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60, of which 2, 3, and 5 are prime numbers. With so many factors, many fractions involving sexagesimal numbers are simplified.
For example, one hour can be divided evenly into sections of 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 12 minutes, 10 minutes, 6 minutes, 5 minutes, 4 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes, and 1 minute. 60 is the smallest number that is divisible by every number from 1 to 6; that is, it is the lowest common multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Finding a geographical place
Once you understand that this sexagesimal or base 60, is a numeral system with sixty as its base, you’re will be able to find the location on any place on earth once you know the longitude and the latitude of the geographical place.
You will find hundreds of cities around the world, many near you, on all seven continents in display here as well as how they are physically changing. At that point you will see clearly why geography is called “the bridge between the human and the physical sciences”.
Our understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. The result can help us … save our planet from environmental catastrophe.
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